Fasting and Research




Fasting in Judaism

By Randi Fredricks

Fasting has a long history in Judaism during which it has been practiced at times with severity (MacGregor, 1989). Moses fasted for 40 days on Mount Sinai before receiving the Torah (von Braun, 2007). In Leviticus in the Bible, Moses states the purpose of fasting is to make atonement for past offenses (Ezra, 2002). This set the precedent of atonement as a fundamental part of Judaism. Philosopher and theologian Patricia A. Williams (2001) said, “. . . atonement involves both revelation and transformation . . . it changes human nature” (p. 195). In this respect, fasting has been used in Judaism as a means of reparation of past transgressions.

In the Talmud, written by Rabbis in Babylonia around 600 C.E., an entire chapter is devoted to Yom Kippur, also known as the Day of Atonement, a fast that lasts for one day (Schnall, 1981). Four more days of communal fasting are spelled out in the Talmud, each commemorating historical tragedies.

In Judaism, fasting has been instituted as a sign of mourning, when danger was perceived, or in preparation for divine revelations. On occasion, fasts were instituted for entire communities, particularly when the nation was believed to be under divine displeasure, such as times of great upheaval, pestilence, or drought (Werblowsky & Wigoder, 1997). Like Christians during the Lenten season, Jewish people will often take the money that would have been spent on food for themselves and give financial assistance to someone less fortunate (Young, 2007).

Repentance is another function of fasting in Judaism. In a similar manner as atonement, repentance is demonstrated by fasting and showing remorse or contrition for one's sins. Brad H. Young (2007) explained the significance of this association, “ . . . for the rabbis fasting is nearly synonymous with repentance. One returns home to God by denying oneself, subjugating the strong will for human gratification, over to the divine will for holy living” (p. 15).

Much of Jesus’ affinity to fasting is found in the Judaic tradition. Young explained Jesus’ respect for the Judaic practice of fasting as follows:

Jesus is not opposed to the Jewish fasts of the sacred calendar of
Israel. In strong loyalty to his people and their shared faith
commitments, it seems clear that Jesus himself fasted on these
days. The clear reference to set fast days of the calendar, "When
you fast . . . " indicates that he participated fully in the liturgical
yearly cycle of prayer and fasting followed by his people. Moreover,
in the Sermon on the Mount, he teaches his followers how to fast.
Much like his teaching on prayer, he supports the customs of ancient
Israel but stresses the necessity for the right attitude of heart.
Fasting is accompanied by heartfelt prayer . . . Prayer should
transform the one who prays. The worshiper must seek the face of
God with genuine sincerity. Prayer and fasting require inner
participation of the heart, soul and mind. (p. 16)

Fasting is often done in Judaism as a means of heightening spiritual awareness (Young, 2007). It has been used as a method of transformation in the Jewish practice of Kabbalah, beginning with the Safed Kabbalists of the 16th century (Wigoder, Skolnick, & Himelstein, 2002). Kabbalistic principle dictates that followers must adhere to specific spiritual practices, such as fasting, in order to achieve transcendent states of consciousness (Hoffman, 1996). Psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Gerald Epstein (1995) spoke of the importance of fasting in Kabbalah:

In fasting, we usually feel light and buoyant because we have
established another rhythm other than our ordinary one. Establishing
this other than customary rhythm temporarily takes us out of
ourselves by altering a habit. This estrangement is lived as a time
event because rhythm is a function of time. Now, if fasting is an
experience shared by our ancestors through the Hebrew custom of
Yom Kippur, then we are able to live past, present, and future in one
moment of effort. Through this effort of being together in time, we
have shared, by an interior act, the life of our ancestors. (p. 264)

Epstein’s depiction describes a phenomenological construct of fasting that occurs across all religions: the ability to tap into the collective consciousness of others who are presently fasting and those who have fasted before us. Fasting does this by removing the barriers that block this connection. Obstacles include feelings of fear, grief, and depression. Without these obstructions, the faster has the ability to connect with the collective consciousness, often through the use of prayer and meditation.

Another reason that fasting increases the ability for connection with the collective unconscious has do with the meditative qualities of fasting. In the summer of 1993, researchers claimed that 4,000 meditators reduced the crime in Washington, D. C. by 20% through the use of Transcendental Meditation (Hagelin et al., 1999). According to the study’s authors, meditation techniques allow access to a larger field of consciousness that has always been there, beyond the conscious thinking mind. This same phenomenon occurs during fasting primarily because it is commonly combined with meditation, as demonstrated by numerous historical figures, including Buddha, Gandhi, Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad.

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Randi Fredricks is a Naturopathic Psychotherapist with a Doctorate in Naturopathy and a Masters in Psychology. She sees clients at her office in San Jose, California. She can be reached at 800-957-5655 or you can contact her online. This article is an excerpt from Randi Fredricks' book Fasting: An Exceptional Human Experience. Copyright © 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this article may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems.





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